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Bangladesh is a developing country that is classified as a Next Eleven emerging market and one of the Frontier Five. According to a recent opinion poll, Bangladesh has the second most pro-capitalist population in the developing world. Between 2004 and 2014, Bangladesh averaged a GDP growth rate of 6%. The economy is increasingly led by export-oriented industrialisation. The Bangladesh textile industry is the second-largest in the world. Other key sectors include pharmaceuticals, shipbuilding, ceramics, leather goods and electronics. Being situated in one of the most fertile regions on Earth, agriculture plays a crucial role, with the principal cash crops including rice, jute, tea, wheat, cotton and sugarcane. Bangladesh ranks fifth in the global production of fish and seafood. Remittances from the Bangladeshi diaspora provide vital foreign exchange. The Bangladesh telecoms industry has witnessed rapid growth over the years and is dominated by foreign investors. The government has emphasised the development of software services and hi-tech industries under the ''Digital Bangladesh'' scheme. Bangladesh has substantial reserves of natural gas and coal; and many international oil companies are involved in production and exploration activities in the Bay of Bengal. Regional neighbours are keen to use Bangladeshi ports and railways for transhipment. Located at the crossroads of SAARC, the ASEAN+3, BIMSTEC, and the Indian Ocean, Bangladesh has the potential to emerge as a regional economic and logistics hub. In 2015, per-capita income stood at USD 1,314. While achieving significant macroeconomic stability, Bangladesh continues to face challenges such as infrastructure deficits and energy shortages. ==Economic history== East Bengal - the eastern segment of Bengal - was a historically prosperous region.〔Lawrence B. Lesser. "Historical Perspective". (''A Country Study: Bangladesh'' ) (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 1988). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''(About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress )〕 The Ganges Delta provided advantages of a mild, almost tropical climate, fertile soil, ample water, and an abundance of fish, wildlife, and fruit.〔 The standard of living is believed to have been higher compared with other parts of South Asia.〔 As early as the thirteenth century, the region was developing as an agrarian economy.〔 Bengal was the junction of trade routes on the Southeastern Silk Road. Under Mughal rule, it was a center of the worldwide muslin, silk and pearl trade.〔 The British East India company, however, on their arrival in the late eighteenth century, chose to develop Calcutta, now the capital city of West Bengal, as their commercial and administrative center for the company held territories in South Asia.〔 The development of East Bengal was thereafter limited to agriculture.〔 The administrative infrastructure of the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries reinforced East Bengal's function as the primary agricultural producer—chiefly of rice, tea, teak, cotton, sugar cane and jute — for processors and traders from around Asia and beyond.〔 After its independence from Pakistan, Bangladesh followed a socialist economy by nationalising all industries, proving to be a critical blunder undertaken by the Awami League government. Some of the same factors that had made East Bengal a prosperous region became disadvantages during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.〔 As life expectancy increased, the limitations of land and the annual floods increasingly became constraints on economic growth.〔 Traditional agricultural methods became obstacles to the modernisation of agriculture.〔 Geography severely limited the development and maintenance of a modern transportation and communications system.〔 The partition of British India and the emergence of India and Pakistan in 1947 severely disrupted the economic system. The united government of Pakistan expanded the cultivated area and some irrigation facilities, but the rural population generally became poorer between 1947 and 1971 because improvements did not keep pace with rural population increase.〔 Pakistan's five-year plans opted for a development strategy based on industrialisation, but the major share of the development budget went to West Pakistan, that is, contemporary Pakistan.〔 The lack of natural resources meant that East Pakistan was heavily dependent on imports, creating a balance of payments problem.〔 Without a substantial industrialisation program or adequate agrarian expansion, the economy of East Pakistan steadily declined.〔 Blame was placed by various observers, but especially those in East Pakistan, on the West Pakistani leaders who not only dominated the government but also most of the fledgling industries in East Pakistan.〔 Since Bangladesh followed a socialist economy by nationalising all industries after its independence, it underwent a slow growth of producing experienced entrepreneurs, managers, administrators, engineers, and technicians.〔Lawrence B. Lesser. "Economic Reconstruction after Independence". (''A Country Study: Bangladesh'' ) (James Heitzman and Robert Worden, editors). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (September 1988). ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''(About the Country Studies / Area Handbooks Program: Country Studies - Federal Research Division, Library of Congress )〕 There were critical shortages of essential food grains and other staples because of wartime disruptions.〔 External markets for jute had been lost because of the instability of supply and the increasing popularity of synthetic substitutes.〔 Foreign exchange resources were minuscule, and the banking and monetary systems were unreliable.〔 Although Bangladesh had a large work force, the vast reserves of under trained and underpaid workers were largely illiterate, unskilled, and underemployed.〔 Commercially exploitable industrial resources, except for natural gas, were lacking.〔 Inflation, especially for essential consumer goods, ran between 300 and 400 percent.〔 The war of independence had crippled the transportation system.〔 Hundreds of road and railroad bridges had been destroyed or damaged, and rolling stock was inadequate and in poor repair.〔 The new country was still recovering from a severe cyclone that hit the area in 1970 and cause 250,000 deaths.〔 India came forward immediately with critically measured economic assistance in the first months after Bangladesh achieved independence from Pakistan.〔 Between December 1971 and January 1972, India committed US$232 million in aid to Bangladesh from the politco-economic aid India received from the USA and USSR. Official amount of disbursement yet undisclosed.〔 After 1975, Bangladeshi leaders began to turn their attention to developing new industrial capacity and rehabilitating its economy.〔("Background Note: Bangladesh" ). Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs (March 2008). Accessed June 11, 2008. ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''〕 The static economic model adopted by these early leaders, however—including the nationalisation of much of the industrial sector—resulted in inefficiency and economic stagnation.〔 Beginning in late 1975, the government gradually gave greater scope to private sector participation in the economy, a pattern that has continued.〔 Many state-owned enterprises have been privatised, like banking, telecommunication, aviation, media, and jute.〔 Inefficiency in the public sector has been rising however at a gradual pace; external resistance to developing the country's richest natural resources is mounting; and power sectors including infrastructure have all contributed to slowing economic growth.〔 In the mid-1980s, there were encouraging signs of progress.〔 Economic policies aimed at encouraging private enterprise and investment, privatising public industries, reinstating budgetary discipline, and liberalising the import regime were accelerated.〔 From 1991 to 1993, the government successfully followed an enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) but failed to follow through on reforms in large part because of preoccupation with the government's domestic political troubles.〔 In the late 1990s the government's economic policies became more entrenched, and some of the early gains were lost, which was highlighted by a precipitous drop in foreign direct investment in 2000 and 2001.〔 In June 2003 the IMF approved 3-year, $490-million plan as part of the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) for Bangladesh that aimed to support the government's economic reform program up to 2006.〔 Seventy million dollars was made available immediately.〔 In the same vein the World Bank approved $536 million in interest-free loans.〔 In the year 2010 Government of India extended a line of credit worth $1 billion to counterbalance China's close relationship with Bangladesh. Bangladesh historically has run a large trade deficit, financed largely through aid receipts and remittances from workers overseas.〔 Foreign reserves dropped markedly in 2001 but stabilised in the USD3 to USD4 billion range (or about 3 months' import cover).〔 In January 2007, reserves stood at $3.74 billion, and then increased to $5.8 billion by January 2008, in November 2009 it surpassed $10.0 billion, and as of April 2011 it surpassed the US $12 billion according to the Bank of Bangladesh, the central bank.〔 The dependence on foreign aid and imports has also decreased gradually since the early 1990s. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Economy of Bangladesh」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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